Duḥkha (sanskrit : दुःख; Pāli : dukkha) er et vigtigt buddhistisk begreb, der almindeligvis oversættes som "lidelse ", "ulykke", "smerte", "utilfredsstillelse" eller "stress ".[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
Det henviser til den grundlæggende utilfredshed og smertefuldhed i det verdslige liv. Det er den første af de fire ædle sandheder, og det er et af de tre eksistensmærker .
Udtrykket ses også i Hinduismens skrifter, såsom Upanishaderne, i diskussioner om moksha (åndelig frigørelse). [ 7] [ 8]
^ Malcolm Huxter (2016). Healing the Heart and Mind with Mindfulness: Ancient Path, Present Moment . Routledge. s. 10. ISBN 978-1-317-50540-2 . , Quote: "dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering) (....) In the Introduction I wrote that dukkha is probably best understood as unsatisfactoriness."
^ "Arkiveret kopi" . Arkiveret fra originalen 26. september 2020. Hentet 29. april 2020 .
^ Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (red.). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons. s. 26-31. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3 .
^ Carol Anderson (2013). Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon . Routledge. s. 1, 22 with note 4. ISBN 978-1-136-81332-0 . , Quote: "(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self)."
^ Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (2004). "Anuradha Sutta: To Anuradha" . accesstoinsight.org . Arkiveret fra originalen 26. marts 2018. Hentet 15. oktober 2019 .
^ Nyanatiloka Thera (2004). "dukkha". I Nyanaponika Thera (red.). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (5 udgave). Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society. s. 61. ISBN 9789552400193 . Hentet 6. marts 2020 . dukkha (1) 'pain', painful feeling, which may be bodily and mental [...] 2. 'Suffering', 'ill'.
^ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4 April 2014, trans. Patrick Olivelle (1996), p. 66.
^ Paul Deussen (1980). Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Vol. 1 . Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted). s. 482-485, 497. ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4 .